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Ma Social Media: Nawaz Sharif Former Prime Minster Pakistan
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Sunday, October 11, 2020
Nawaz Sharif Former Prime Minster Pakistan
Nawaz Sharif
Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif (Urdu: میاں محمد نواز شریف, born 25 December 1949) is a Pakistani businessman and politician who served as the prime minister of Pakistan for three non-consecutive terms. Sharif is the longest-serving prime minister of Pakistan having served a total of more than 9 years.
Born into the upper-middle class Sharif family in Lahore, Sharif is the son of Muhammad Sharif, the founder of Ittefaq and Sharif Group. He is the elder brother of Shehbaz Sharif, who also served as the chief minister of Punjab. According to the Election Commission of Pakistan, Sharif is the one of the wealthiest men in Pakistan, with an estimated net worth of at least 1.6 billion Pakistani rupees. Most of Sharif's wealth originates from his businesses in steel construction.
Before entering politics in the 1970s, Sharif studied business at Government College and law at the University of Punjab. In 1981, Sharif was appointed by President Zia as the minister of finance for the province of Punjab. Backed by a loose coalition of conservatives, Sharif was elected as the Chief Minister of Punjab in 1985 and re-elected after the end of martial law in 1988. In 1990, Sharif led the conservative Islamic Democratic Alliance and became the 12th prime minister of Pakistan.
After being ousted in 1993, when president Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved the National Assembly, Sharif served as the leader of the opposition to the government of Benazir Bhutto from 1993 to 1996. He returned to premiership after the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) was elected in 1997, and served until his removal in 1999 by military takeover and was tried in a plane hijacking case which was argued by Barrister Ijaz Hussain Batalvi, assisted by Khawaja Sultan senior Advocate, Sher Afghan Asdi and Akhtar Aly Kureshy Advocate. After prison and exile for more than a decade, he returned to politics in 2011 and led his party to victory for a third time in 2013.
In 2017, Sharif was removed from office by the Supreme Court of Pakistan regarding revelations from the Panama Papers case.[2][3][4][5] In 2018, the Pakistani Supreme Court disqualified Sharif from holding public office,[6][7] and he was also sentenced to ten years in prison by an accountability court.
Early Life And Eductaion
Sharif was born in Lahore, Punjab, on 25 December 1949.[9][10][11] The Sharif family are Kashmiris of Punjab.[10] His father, Muhammad Sharif, was an upper-middle-class businessman and industrialist whose family had emigrated from Anantnag in Kashmir for business. They settled in the village of Jati Umra in Amritsar district, Punjab, at the beginning of the twentieth century. His mother's family came from Pulwama.[12] After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, Sharif's parents migrated from Amritsar to Lahore.[10] His father followed the teachings of the Ahl-i Hadith.[13] His family owns Ittefaq Group, a multimillion-dollar steel conglomerate,[14] and Sharif Group, a conglomerate with holdings in agriculture, transport and sugar mills.[15] He has two younger brothers: Shahbaz Sharif and Abbas Sharif, both politicians by profession.
Sharif went to Saint Anthony High School. He graduated from the Government College University (GCU) with an art and business degree and then received a law degree from the Law College of Punjab University in Lahore.
Provincal Polictics
Early political career
Sharif suffered financial losses when his family's steel business was appropriated under the nationalisation policies of former Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Sharif entered politics as a result,[10] initially focused on regaining control of the steel plants. In 1976, Sharif joined the Pakistan Muslim League (PML), a conservative front rooted in the Punjab province.[10]
In May 1980, Ghulam Jilani Khan, the recently appointed military governor of the Punjab Province and a former Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), was seeking new urban leaders; he quickly promoted Sharif, making him finance minister.[18] In 1981, Sharif joined the Punjab Advisory Council[16] under Khan.[18]
During the 1980s, Sharif gained influence as a supporter of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's military government. Zia-ul-Haq agreed to return the steel industry to Sharif, who convinced the general to denationalise and deregulate industries to improve the economy.[10] Within Punjab, Sharif privatised government-owned industries and presented development-oriented budgets to the military government.[16] These policies raised financial capital and helped increase the standard of living and purchasing power in the province, which in turn improved law and order and extended Khan's rule.[10] Punjab was the richest province and received more federal funding than the other provinces of Pakistan, contributing to economical inequality.[10]
Sharif invested[clarification needed] in Saudi Arabia and other oil-rich Arab countries to rebuild his steel empire.[19][20] According to personal accounts and his time spent with Sharif, American historian Stephen Philips Cohen states in his 2004 book Idea of Pakistan: "Nawaz Sharif never forgave Bhutto after his steel empire was lost [...] even after [Bhutto's] terrible end, Sharif publicly refused to forgive the soul of Bhutto or the Pakistan Peoples Party
Chief Minister of Punjab
In 1985, Khan nominated Sharif as Chief Minister of the Punjab, against the wishes of Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo.[18] With the backing of the army, Sharif secured a landslide victory in the 1985 elections.[10] Because of his popularity, he received the nickname "Lion of the Punjab".[21] Sharif built ties with the senior army generals who sponsored his government.[16] He maintained an alliance with General Rahimuddin Khan, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. Sharif also had close ties with Lieutenant-General (retired) Hamid Gul, the Director-General of ISI.[10]
As chief minister, Sharif stressed welfare and development activities and the maintenance of law and order.[16] Khan beautified Lahore, extended military infrastructure, and silenced political opposition, while Sharif expanded economic infrastructure to benefit the army, his own business interests, and the people of Punjab.[16] In 1988, General Zia dismissed the government of Junejo and called for new elections.[16] However, Zia retained Sharif as the Chief Minister of Punjab Province, and until his death continued to support Sharif.
1988 elections
After General Zia's death in August 1988, Zia's political party–Pakistan Muslim League (Pagara Group)–split into two factions.[22] Sharif led the Zia-loyalist Fida Group against the prime minister's Junejo Group.[22] The Fida Group later took on the mantle of the PML while the Junejo Group became known as the JIP.[22] The two parties along with seven other right-wing conservative and religious parties united with encouragement and funding from the ISI to form the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI).[22] (The IJI received ₨15 million from Zia loyalists in the ISI,[23] with a substantial role played by Sharif's ally Gul.[10]) The alliance was led by Sharif and Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi and opposed Benazir Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in the elections.[22] The IJI gained substantial majorities in the Punjab and Sharif was re-elected chief minister.[22][24]
In December 1989, Sharif decided to remain in the provincial Punjab Assembly rather than hold a seat in the National Assembly.[25] In early 1989, the PPP government attempted to unseat Sharif through a no-confidence motion in the Punjab Assembly,[22] which they lost by a vote of 152 to 106.[22]
Economic policy
Sharif built Pakistan's first major motorway, the M2 Motorway (3MM), called the Autobahn of South Asia.[26] This public-private project was completed in November 1997 at a cost of US$989.12 million.[26] His critics questioned the layout of the highway, its excessive length, its distance from important cities, and the absence of link roads with important towns. It also appropriated funds designated for the Peshawar–Karachi Indus Highway, benefiting Punjab and Kashmir at the cost of other provinces. There was particular dissatisfaction in Sindh and Balochistan Provinces, and Sharif faced a lack of capital investment to finance additional projects.[26] Sharif loosened foreign exchange restrictions and opened Karachi Stock Exchange to foreign capital, but the government remained short of funds for investments.[26]
Due to economic pressures, Sharif halted the national space programme. This forced the Space Research Commission to delay the launch of its satellite, Badr-II(B), which was completed in 1997. This caused frustration among the scientific community who criticised Sharif's inability to promote science. Senior scientists and engineers attributed this to "Sharif's personal corruption" that affected national security.
By the end of the Sharif's second term, the economy was in turmoil. The government faced serious structural issues and financial problems; inflation and foreign debt stood at an all-time high, and unemployment in Pakistan had reached its highest point. Pakistan had debts of US$32bn against reserves of little more than $1bn. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) had suspended aid, demanding the country's finances be resolved. Sharif continued to meddle with the stock exchange markets with devastating effects.[45] By the time he was deposed, the country was heading for financial default.
Foreign policy
In February 1997, Sharif met with Chinese President Jiang Zemin and Premier Li Peng to discuss economic co-operation.[54] Two conferences were organised in Beijing and Hong Kong to promote Chinese investment in Pakistan.[54]
In 1997, Sharif signed a trilateral free trade agreement with Malaysia and Singapore,[54] which was followed by collaboration in defence.[54] One of the core issues was Malaysia's agreement on sharing its space technology with Pakistan.[54] Both Malaysia and Singapore assured their support for Pakistan to join Asia–Europe Meeting,[54] though Pakistan and India were not party to the treaty until 2008
In January 1998, Sharif signed bilateral economic agreements with South Korean President Kim Young-sam.[54] Sharif urged North Korea to make peace and improve its ties with South Korea; causing a division in Pakistan–North Korean relations.[54] In April 1998, Sharif went on to visit Italy, Germany, Poland, and Belgium to promote economic ties.[54] He signed a number of agreements to enlarge economic co-operation with Italy and Belgium, and an agreement with the European Union (EU) for the protection of intellectual, industrial and commercial property rights.[54]
However, Sharif's diplomatic efforts seemed to have gone to waste after conducting nuclear tests in May 1998. Widespread international criticism brought Pakistan's reputation to a low since the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971.[54] Pakistan failed to gather any support from its allies at the UN,[54] and trade agreements were repealed by the US, Europe, and Asian bloc.[54] Pakistan was accused of allowing nuclear proliferation.[54] In June 1998, Sharif authorized a secret meeting between Pakistan and Israel's ambassadors to the UN and US, and assured Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that Pakistan would not transfer nuclear technology or materials to Iran or other Middle Eastern countries.[46] Israel responded with concerns that Iranian Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi's visit to Pakistan shortly after the May 1998 nuclear weapons tests was a sign that Pakistan was preparing to sell nuclear technology to Iran.[46]
In 1998, India and Pakistan made an agreement recognising the principle of building an environment of peace and security and resolving all bilateral conflicts.[55] On 19 February 1999, Indian Premier Atal Bihari Vajpayee paid a historic state visit to Pakistan, travelling on the inaugural Delhi–Lahore Bus connecting the Indian capital with Pakistan's major cultural city of Lahore.[55] On 21 February, the prime ministers signed a bilateral agreement with a memorandum of understanding to ensure nuclear-free safety in South Asia, which became known as the Lahore Declaration.[55] The agreement was widely popular in both countries,[55] where it was felt that development of nuclear weapons brought added responsibility and promoted the importance of confidence-building measures to avoid accidental or unauthorised use of nuclear weapons.[55] Some Western observers compared the treaty to the cold war Strategic Arms Limitation Talks.
Constitutional amendments
In late August 1998, Sharif proposed a law to establish a legal system based on Islamic principles.[57] His proposal came a week after the 10-year commemorations of the late president Zia ul-Haq. After his cabinet removed some of its controversial aspects,[58][59] the National Assembly approved and passed the bill on 10 October 1998 by a vote of 151 to 16.[60] With a majority in parliament, Sharif reverted the semi-presidential system in favour of a more parliamentary system.[60] With these amendments, Sharif became the country's strongest freely-elected prime minister.[60] However, these amendments failed to achieve a two-thirds majority in the senate, which remained under control of the PPP. Weeks later, parliament was suspended by a military coup and Legal Framework Order, 2002 (2002 LFO) returned the country to a semi-presidential system for another decade.
Sharif's Fourteenth Amendment consolidated his power by preventing legislators and lawmakers from dissenting or voting against their own parties,[61] and prohibited judicial appeal for offenders.[61] Legislators from different parties challenged this with the Supreme Court, infuriating Sharif.[61] He openly criticised Chief Justice Sajad Alishah, inviting a notice of contempt.[61] At the urging of the military and president, Sharif agreed the solve the conflict amicably but remained determined to oust Alishah.[61
Coup, trial and exile
The simultaneous conflicts in the Kargil war with India and Afghanistan's civil war, along with economical turmoil, turned public opinion against Sharif and his policies. On 12 October 1999, Sharif attempted to remove Musharraf for military failures and replace him with General Ziauddin Butt. Sharif's mindset was to remove the Chairman Joint Chiefs and the Chief of Army Staff first, then depose the other armed forces chiefs who had destroyed his credibility. Musharraf, who was in Sri Lanka, attempted to return on a PIA commercial flight.
Sharif ordered the Sindh Police Force to arrest Musharraf. Fearing a coup d'état, he further ordered the Jinnah Terminal to be sealed to prevent the landing of the airliner. The A300 aircraft was ordered to land at Nawabshah Airport (now Shaheed Benazirabad Airport). There, Musharraf contacted top Pakistan Army generals who took over the country and ousted Sharif's administration. Sharif was taken to Adiala Jail for trial by military judge.[71] Musharraf later assumed control of the government as chief executive. A single protest was held by Sardar Mohsin Abbasi in front of the Supreme Court on 17 October on the first hearing of Sharif.
Raja Zafar-ul-Haq, Sir Anjam Khan, Zafer Ali Shah and Sardar Mohsin Abbasi were the only supporters left after the first six months. Many of Sharif's cabinet ministers and his constituents were divided during the court proceedings and remained neutral. Dissidents such as Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain remained quiet and later formed Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q), splitting Sharif's party into small factions. The military police initiated massive arrests of PML workers and party leaders, who were held in Sindh and Punjab police prisons.[71]
The military placed Sharif on trial for "kidnapping, attempted murder, hijacking and terrorism and corruption".[72][73] In a speedy trial, the military court convicted Sharif and gave him a life sentence.[73] Reports surfaced that Sharif had nearly been sentenced to execution.[72][74] His leading defence lawyer, Iqbal Raad, was gunned down in Karachi in mid-March.[75] Sharif's defence team blamed the military for providing inadequate protection.[75] The military court proceedings were widely accused of being a show trial.[76][77][78]
Sharif was also tried for tax evasion on the purchase of a helicopter worth US$1 million. The Lahore High Court agreed to acquit him if he could proved his innocence, but Sharif was unable to cite any substantial evidence. He was ordered to pay a fine of US$400,000 on grounds of tax evasion, and he was sentenced to 14 years of imprisonment.[79]
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, under Sharif and King Fahd, had enjoyed extremely close business and cultural relations that is sometimes attributed as a special relationship.[74] Saudi Arabia was shocked at news of the coup.[74] Amid pressure by Fahd and US President Bill Clinton, the military court avoided a death sentence for Sharif.[74] Fahd had expressed concern that the death sentence would provoke intense ethnic violence in Pakistan as had happened in the 1980s[74] following the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.[72] Under an agreement facilitated by Saudi Arabia, Sharif was placed in exile for the next 10 years,[74] and agreed not to take part in politics in Pakistan for 21 years. He also forfeited property worth US$8.3 million (£5.7 million) and paid a fine of US$500,000.[80] Musharraf wrote in his memoirs that, without the intervention of Fahd, Sharif would have been executed.[81] Sharif travelled to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, where he was taken to a residence managed and controlled by the Saudi government,[74] and provided a Saudi loan to establish a steel mill.
Social Policy
Sharif's third term moved from social conservatism to social centrism.[125][126][127] In 2016, he called the future of Pakistan as one underpinned as an "educated, progressive, forward looking and an enterprising nation".[128] In January 2016 he backed the Punjab government policy of banning Tablighi Jamaat from preaching in educational institutions and in February he enacted a law to provide a helpline for women to report domestic abuse, despite the criticism of conservative religious parties.[129]
Sharif's government hanged Mumtaz Qadri on 29 February 2016. Qadri had fatally shot Salman Taseer over his opposition to blasphemy laws.[130] According to BBC News, the move to hang Qadri was an indication of the government's growing confidence in taming the street power of religious groups.[131] To the disliking of religious conservatives, Sharif promised that the perpetrators of honour killings would be 'punished very severely'.[132] In March 2016, The Washington Post reported that Sharif was defying Pakistan's powerful clergy by unblocking access to YouTube, pushing to end child marriage, enacting a landmark domestic violence bill, and overseeing the execution of Qadri.[133][134] Sunni Tehreek led protests of nearly 2,000 Islamic fundamentist on 28 March 2016, staging a three-day sit-in at the D-Chowk in Islamabad, demanding that Sharif implement Shariah and declare Qadri a martyr.[135] In response, Sharif addressed the nation, stating that those "fanning the fire of hatred" would be dealt with under the law.[136]
Nation's future lies in democratic, liberal Pakistan where the private sector thrives and no one is left behind
— Nawaz Sharif[137]
Sharif's government declared that the Hindu festivals Diwali and Holi, and the Christian festival of Easter, were officially public holidays. Time Magazine called this a "significant step for the country's beleaguered religious minorities."[138] On 6 December 2016, Sharif approved the renaming of Quaid-i-Azam University's (QAU) physics centre to the Professor Abdus Salam Center for Physics. Sharif also established the Professor Abdus Salam Fellowship to fully fund five Pakistani doctoral students in physics.[139] In response, the Council of Islamic Ideology criticised Sharif's move claiming that "changing the department's name would not set the right precedent."[140][further explanation needed]
Sharif stressed the need for operation Zarb-e-Qalam to fight societal extremism and intolerance through the power of "writers, poets and intellectuals".[141] Addressing the Pakistan Academy of Literature, Sharif said that "in a society where flowers of poetry and literature bloom, the diseases of extremism, intolerance, disunity and sectarianism are not born". Sharif also announced a ₨500 million endowment fund for the promotion of art and literary activities in Pakistan.[142] On 9 January 2017, the government denied visas for international preachers for the Tablighi Jamaat conference in Lahore. Jamia Binoria criticised the government's decisions.[143]
Sharif, in a March 2017 address at Jamia Naeemia, urged Islamic scholars to spread the true teachings of Islam and take a firm stand against those who are causing disunity among Muslims. Sharif called for a "progressive and prosperous Muslim world", and asked "religious scholars to [...] take the war against these terrorists to its logical end.
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